Refactor fs (cache/tracing) layer into self-contained API

[cspotcode]

Implements #1161
Supercedes #1261, because I wrote #1261 a long time ago and I'm worried about bugs if I try to grok that code again

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #1518 (ce39b0f) into main (bc03a3e) will decrease coverage by 0.12%.
The diff coverage is 82.05%.

❗ Current head ce39b0f differs from pull request most recent head 56dad2f. Consider uploading reports for the commit 56dad2f to get more accurate results
| Impacted Files | Coverage Δ | |
|---|---|---|
| src/module-type-classifier.ts | 92.00% <ø> (-0.31%) | ⬇️ |
| src/resolver-functions.ts | 82.60% <ø> (ø) | |
| src/diagnostics.ts | 46.15% <46.15%> (ø) | |
| src/fs.ts | 66.66% <66.66%> (ø) | |
| src/index.ts | 79.25% <85.71%> (+1.41%) | ⬆️ |
| dist-raw/node-internal-fs.js | 88.88% <87.50%> (+1.38%) | ⬆️ |
| dist-raw/node-cjs-loader-utils.js | 90.38% <91.66%> (ø) | |
| dist-raw/node-esm-default-get-format.js | 71.42% <100.00%> (ø) | |
| dist-raw/node-package-json-reader.js | 88.88% <100.00%> (ø) | |
| src/configuration.ts | 93.67% <100.00%> (-0.16%) | ⬇️ |
| ... and 8 more | |