Create a CI job that builds without the lockfile

[westonpace]

Is your feature request related to a problem or challenge?

I recently filed #20756 which was not detected by any CI jobs because they all use the lockfile and it was locked to substrait version 0.62.2.

Describe the solution you'd like

In lance, to gain a balance of lockfile convenience (better CI caches, reproducible builds, etc.) without missing issues like this, we have one CI job that builds without the lockfile and just verifies that things compile. We could do this same thing in Datafusion.

Describe alternatives you've considered

No response

Additional context

No response